- Hematologic disturbances such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia increase the risk of complications and mortality. Resolution of anemia improves the prognosis, and the treatment of anemia with erythropoietin improves survival. Neutropenia significantly increases the risk of bacterial infection, and treatment of neutropenia with G-CSF significantly decreases the risk of bacteremia and death.
- MAC has been shown to hasten death, especially with coexisting anemia defined by a hematocrit level less than 25%.
- The following factors are associated with rapidly progressive disease in infants:
- Advanced maternal disease
- High maternal viral load
- Low maternal CD4 count
- Prematurity
- In utero transmission
- High viral load within the first 2 months of life
- Lack of neutralizing antibodies
- P24 antigen presence
- AIDS-defining illnesses
- Early CMV infection
- Early neurologic disease
- Failure to thrive
- Early-onset diarrhea
- Each logarithmic decrease in the viral load after therapy initiation decreases the risk of progression by 54%.
- Overall progression and prognosis is followed up by using the CDC classification system for children infected with HIV. Both a clinical category letter and an immunologic number determine each stage of disease progression.
- The clinical categories are determined by the presence of clinic manifestations listed in the letter category (see Table 6), and the immunologic category is based on the age-dependent CD4 count (see Table 7).
- Once an advanced class is assigned, the disease cannot be reassignment to a lesser class, even if the clinical or immunologic manifestations resolve.
- Category C and clinical manifestations of advanced disease are synonymous with AIDS.Table 6. CDC Clinical Categories for HIV-Infected Children
Category Manifestation N – Asymptomatic One of the manifestations in category A or no symptoms listed in the other categories A – Mildly symptomatic Two or more: dermatitis, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy (>5 mm at multiple sites), splenomegaly, parotitis
Recurrent or persistent sinusitis, otitis, or upper respiratory infection (URI)B – Moderately symptomatic Invasive bacterial infection
Persistent (>2 mo) oropharyngeal candidiasis (patients aged >6 mo)
Cardiomyopathy
Congenital CMV infection (onset before patient aged 1 mo)
Chronic or recurrent diarrhea
Persistent (>1 mo) fever
Persistent (>1 mo) hematologic disorders
Anemia (<8 mg/dL)
Neutropenia (<1000/mm3)
Thrombocytopenia (<100,000/mm3)
Hepatitis
HSVinfection
Recurrent (>2 episodes/y) stomatitis
Multiple dermatomes or recurrent (>2 episodes) zoster infection
Early-onset (patient aged <1 mo) bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis
Leiomyosarcoma
Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia
Pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia complex
Nephropathy
Nocardiosis
Congenital toxoplasmosis (patient age a onset <1 mo)
Disseminated varicellaC – Late symptomatic Pulmonary or esophageal candidiasis
Coccidioidomycosis
Extrapulmonary cryptococcosis
Cryptosporidiosis
CMV infection
Histoplasmosis
Chronic mucocutaneous HSV infection
Encephalopathy
Isosporiasis
KS
Lymphoma
MAC infection
Mycobacterium kansasii infection
PCP
Recurrent pneumonia
Progressive multifocal encephalopathy
Salmonellosis
TB
ToxoplasmosisLate disease MAC infection
Disseminated CMV retinitis
Cryptococcal meningitis
Dementia, histoplasmosis
Disseminated CNS lymphoma
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Wasting syndromeTable 7. CDC Immunologic Categories for HIV-Infection in Children by Absolute CD4 Count
Category Patient Age, >12 y Patient Age, 6-12 y Patient Age, 1-5 y Patient Age, <1 y 1 – No suppression >500 (>29) >500 (>24) >1000 (>24) >1500 (>24) 2 – Moderate suppression >200 (>13) >200 (>14) >500 (>14) >750 (>14) 3 – Severe suppression <200 (<14) <200 (<15) <500 (<15) <750 (<15) Note: Data are the absolute CD4 count X 109. Data in parentheses are percentages.
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